[consilient]

Yes you do. `flatMap`ping an array in javascript is using a monad every bit as much as `join`ing a linked list in Haskell. `Promise`s would be monads were it not for the (inexplicable, terrible) decision to make it impossible to nest them. C#'s `IEnumerable<_>` is not quite a monad, but only because it doesn't have a preferred implementation. Pick one, and it's as monadic as `Maybe` or `Either`. And of course function types are always monads.

What these languages don't have and Haskell does is a way to talk about all monads, all at once. Instead of

    replicateM :: forall m a . Monad m => Int -> m a -> m [a]

you have to separately implement

    replicateArray: <T>(count: number, ts: T[]) => T[][]
    replicateFunction: <S, T>(count: number, f: (s: S) => T) => (s: S) => T[]
    replicatePromise: <T>(count: number, t: Promise<T>) => Promise<T[]>

and so on.

[goto11]

Are you suggesting that flatMap is used all the time in JavaScript?