[mike50]

Someone rewrote a bunch of text books from the 1970s and put them on the internet. Unless you work in IC development you don't need to know how comparators work internally. The logic gate examples are slighly less obsolete (early 1980s). This is yet another joke introduction written by a hobbyist who wants to mess with individual transistors for no purpose. There are no practical applications for these examples and there is no learning value in them.

[SanderNL]

You ever built a computer this way? If nothing else it’s great fun and kind of magical TBH.