8 -> copper is toxic. People with some genetic traits will suffer cirrhosis and shouldn't use it for water storage. Cooking on copper pots specially should be avoided. Iron and Aluminum are safer.
This is me. I'm a clutz and I use mason jars in a little cloth sleeve. I drop like 2 a year and I end up with a wet bag of glass. That sucks but I just buy another $2 jar from a thrift store and I'm back in business.
You use Mason jars for drinking? You could also try kombucha bottles. They have a nice cap and the glass is stronger because it needs to withstand pressure, so it survives falls better.
It depends on the type of glass. Some glasses are incredibly resilient, and some of them are flexible. They all look the same, so people who don't know tend to think of all glass as the same substance.
Some glass is also plastic. But I think outside technical discussions and deceptive marketing glass is usually used to refer to borosilicate or soda-lime since those are what most widespread glass products were for a while. Recently there are more varieties of glass that are marketed as glass to take advantage of the good reputation (in some ways) of borosilicate and soda-lime. But this is like using the term fruit in a technical way, it is just not what most people mean by the term glass.
Iphones had the same problem. Solved it with an outer rubber skin protecting the tablet. Should be easy to do the same with glass bottle while avoiding algae grow at he same time
You should reevaluate what you consider common. Schizophrenia, a condition you probably rarely witness in every day life, is around 1 in 100. You don't interact with 30,000 people even over the course of a year.
It's also a required element so I guess a question might be how many micrograms of copper are consumed per day by using a copper lined bottle. Adults should get 900 micrograms daily unless they are also consuming a lot of zinc and then one must do more math. Gastric bypass surgery is thought to be a risk factor for copper deficiency. Usage of proton pump inhibitors may also contribute to copper deficiency by reducing the ability of the body to absorb dietary copper.
Most homes have copper water pipes. That's probably more important to test as corrosion in water bottles should be easy to spot. There are test kits one can buy to test their water at home.
My home was built in 1970. Most homes in my area were built in the 70's and 80's. When I rebuild my home I do plan to use PEX. I also want to use the ManaBloc port adapters because that was a damn cool idea whoever came up with it. Then I will just have to worry about chemicals leeching into the water such as MTBE and tert-Butyl alcohol unofficially of course but I don't drink from the well water anyway.
My plumber prefers copper pipes. He's replaced a couple of leaks (in PVC pipes) with copper at core junctions in my house. I never knew it was dangerous.
Copper is also more expensive, more showy, and probably easier to manipulate. But what it provides more benefit for the plumber is not necessarily the best for the client.
Hmmm, copper is an essential trace nutrient found in the soil. Your body will not survive without it. As always, devil's in the details, but it is believed most humans are low in copper. Aluminum is a disaster for your body and the bodies of other creatures as far as we know.
I assume that the list from less toxic to more toxic is:
silica -> iron -> aluminum -> copper
With a logarithmic scale unit between each step or so. We ingest and tolerate much more aluminum than copper in our daily journey and we could drink water with much more iron oxide dissolved on it than aluminum oxide without suffering permanent problems
You should be careful of leaded glass, I've read research that shows it leaches into the liquid it contains (this is a problem in e.g. decanters where the acidic wine sits for several days).
How careful? Everything is a trade-off, without numbers on the quantities, extraction rates, and what levels are tolerable for short or long-term exposure we can't make a reasoned choice.
Titanium in perfectly pure form is very reactive and it would be dangerous in contact with organic matter.
Fortunately, it is pretty much impossible to come in contact with pure titanium, because whenever it is exposed to air it becomes immediately covered with titanium dioxide.
The ratio between electric charge and radius of the titanium ions is such that titanium dioxide is one of the least soluble oxides. It is practically inert in water or blood.
This inertness of the titanium dioxide ensures that titanium is one of the safest materials for making implants that will have to stay forever in a human body or for making objects that will be in contact with food.
While glass remains the best food-contact material, titanium is a decent choice for applications where glass might break, e.g. spoons.
On that scale, titanium would be placed between silicon and iron. It should be kept in mind that the position on that scale actually refers to the behavior of the oxides, not of the pure elements, because all the elements mentioned are oxidized quickly in air and they are oxidized even faster in a living body.
Titanium dioxide is more inert than silicon dioxide, so less of it can become dissolved, but once the two oxides are dissolved, the silicon dioxide is safer, because most living cells have mechanisms to deal with it.
Plague is (was) worse in terms of its mortality rate, but Covid is worse in that we still don't have a way to eradicate it, so it's going to continue to be a health risk for some time to come.