[inkyoto]

> Cluster management, file systems, disk / storage systems, network management, database systems.

… and fully managed cloud services (serverless databases, API gateways, messaging components, supplementary services etc etc). Which is where the hardware replacement is likely most frantic but impossible to glean into without having the insider knowledge. And since the fully managed services are charged on the usage basis, it is possible to utilise the hardware more efficiently under the hood and completely transparently to the end user (if properly architected) as opposed to spinning up cloud VM's.