"Meaning without reference in large language models"
"we argue that LLM likely capture important aspects of meaning, and moreover work in a way that approximates a compelling account of human cognition in which meaning arises from con- ceptual role"
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.02957.pdf
I remember Quine's meaning holism it seems to be related.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism