| Because the HDD manufacturers avoid to provide the information that would be necessary to estimate with any degree of certainty the data retention time for HDDs, we cannot know for sure the causes of HDD errors during long term storage, so we can only speculate about them. Nevertheless, the experimental facts, both from my experience during many years with many HDDs and from the reports that I have read are: 1. Immediately after the warranty of a HDD expires, the probability of mechanical failure increases a lot. I have seen several cases of HDD failures a few months after the warranty expiration, while I have never seen a failure before that (on drives that had passed the initial acceptance tests after purchase; some drives have failed the initial tests and have been replaced by the vendor). Therefore one should never plan to store data on HDDs beyond their warranty expiration. 2. When data is stored on HDDs that are powered down for several years, one should expect a few errors (I have seen e.g. about one error per 2 to 8 TB of data), which cause either non-correctable errors or wrong corrections that corrupt the data. The effect of such errors can be easily mitigated by storing 2 copies of each data file on 2 different HDDs. An alternative is to introduce a controlled data redundancy, e.g. of 5% or 10%, with a program like "par2create". That works fine against wrongly corrected sectors, but when a non-correctable error is reported, many file copy programs fail to copy any good sector following a bad sector, so one may need to write a custom script that will seek through the corrupt file and copy the good sectors, in order to get enough data from which the original file can be reconstructed. Storing everything on 2 HDDs, preferably of different models, is the safest method, as it also guards against the case when one HDD is completely lost due to a mechanical defect. |