[jltsiren]

Whatever you think academic research is, it's not always like that, and it's usually easy to find counterexamples. That's why the attempts to standardize the processes usually fail.

There is not necessarily any data behind the paper. Even if there is data, the conclusions may not be about the data. Even if the conclusions are about the data, the paper may not use quantitative methods. Even if it uses quantitative methods, confidence intervals may not make sense. Even if confidence intervals do make sense, adding new data might not. And so on.