In that case, I would offer 3. The journal is trying to boost their stats. One wonders how long they thought they could have gotten away with faking articles to fill a journal...
Also, looking at the article in question. It seems to suggest a policy of punishment as a solution to solving the issue of people, companies not following recycling rules: "the government should continue to closely monitor and punish violators of laws and regulations."
So I'd like to add incentive (4): A way to seemingly have established researchers suggest punishment as accepted way of enforcement. Drive agenda, basically.
So I'd like to add incentive (4): A way to seemingly have established researchers suggest punishment as accepted way of enforcement. Drive agenda, basically.