[pinguin3]

Russia and Turkey are not part of the West because they have distinct cultural and historical legacies that have shaped their societies in different ways. Russia has been influenced by Eastern Orthodoxy and communism, which emphasizes communal identity and submission to authority, and has a long history of autocratic rule. This has led to a political culture that values obedience to the state over individual rights and freedoms. Similarly, Turkey has been shaped by its Islamic heritage and its Ottoman past, which has fostered a collectivist and authoritarian ethos that is at odds with the individualistic and democratic values of the West.