I agree that Karpathy's YouTube video is an excellent resource for understanding Transformers from scratch. It provides a hands-on experience that can be particularly helpful for those who want to implement the models themselves. Here's the link to the video titled "Let's build GPT: from scratch, in code, spelled out": https://youtu.be/kCc8FmEb1nY
Additionally, for more comprehensive resources on Transformers, you may find these resources useful:
I endorse all of this and will further endorse (probably as a follow-up once one has a basic grasp) "A Mathematical Framework for Transformer Circuits" which builds a lot of really useful ideas for understanding how and why transformers work and how to start getting a grasp on treating them as something other than magical black boxes.
https://transformer-circuits.pub/2021/framework/index.html