[alephnerd]

The Delhi Sultanate and the Mughals did have a macro-level impact, but that ignores a lot of the cultural interchange and migration between Northern Indian regions and Iranian regions (specifically Khorasan - for example, I don't have a formal education in Dari/Farsi but I've found I can easily understand people speaking the Persian dialect from Mashhad and Herat simply because of varying Punjabi/Koshur/Swati Pakhto fluency). In fact, pre-partition, in a number of Northern South Asian regions like Punjab and JK the default language used for a number of Hindu and Sikh Khathas and Hukumnamas was Dari, and my own Hindu/Sikh great-grandparents have older documents and stuff written in Dari.

On the religious side, a number of Babas and Gurus revered by Punjabi+Pakhtun+Koshur Hindus and Sikhs were Persian Sunni refugees or emigrants. For example, Lakhdata/Sakai Sarwar/Syed Ahmad Sultan and Mohiuddin Chishti/Khwaja Gharib Nawaz/Khwaja Baba are from Abbasid/Persianate Baghdad and Sistan respectively, though there are tombs for hundreds of Pirs littered all over Northern India. In fact, in Iran there are Fakirs/Darvishs as well in the same manner and motif as you'd find among the Hindu and Sikh community in South Asia.

And ethnicity wise, I'd honestly not be surprised. Gujarat/Sindh/Punjab/Pakhtunkhwa/Balochistan/Kashmir all literally neighbored ethnically Persian regions like Sistan and Khorasan.

Modern Shia and Sunni Islam is heavily modernized/reformed in the 19th century due to the impact Imperialism had on the Ottoman, Iranian, Bukharan and Mughal spheres. The same thing happened to modern Hinduism with the influence of revivalist and reformist movements like Arya Samaj and Sarvarkar and modern Sikhism with the Akali Dal. While the older traditions still persist in smaller towns due to the time capsule effect, those traditions and folklore are slowly dying away. Such is society I guess.

For the SEA standpoint, it was a mix of Gujarati, Marathi, and Tamil Muslims. I don't have names off the top of my head (largely due to my linguistic and cultural ignorance of those regions). If you're still interested reply to this thread and I can spend some time digging into it. It's somewhere in my notes from when I was attempting to write a thesis on Subaltern Religious Traditons before I pivoted to Tech Policy and Econometrics.

[afwf1]

> And ethnicity wise, I'd honestly not be surprised. Gujarat/Sindh/Punjab/Pakhtunkhwa/Balochistan/Kashmir all literally neighbored ethnically Persian regions like Sistan and Khorasan.

From the DNA results I've seen, I believe most of the Iranic like ancestry in these regions is older and from the BMAC / Oxus civilization. Some Syed groups have some recent middle eastern ancestry but substantial amounts are absent from most communities. Coastal South Gujarat seems to be an exception with some Sunni Muslims farmers having substantial foreign ancestry.

> Modern Shia and Sunni Islam is heavily modernized/reformed in the 19th century due to the impact Imperialism had on the Ottoman, Iranian, Bukharan and Mughal spheres. The same thing happened to modern Hinduism with the influence of revivalist and reformist movements like Arya Samaj and Sarvarkar and modern Sikhism with the Akali Dal. While the older traditions still persist in smaller towns due to the time capsule effect, those traditions and folklore are slowly dying away. Such is society I guess.

Our Islam changed quite a bit during this time due to Wahabbi/Deobandi preachers coming to Gujarat. Hindu practices and consumption of alcohol were heavily frowned upon afterwards.

I'd definitely like to read more about the topic, but no big deal if it's hard to find the sources.

[alephnerd]

>From the DNA results I've seen, I believe most of the Iranic like ancestry in these regions is older and from the BMAC / Oxus civilization

The BMAC/Oxus region is modern day Khorasan, Fergana Valley, Sugdh, and Badhkashan/Pamir Corridor.

Since time immemorial, there always was active trade, travel, and contact between those Iranic regions and Punjab/Kashmir/Pakhtunkwa. Ranging from the Kushans to the Bactrians to the Sakas to the Perso-Turkic Muslim Dynasties to the Indian+Pakistani military and economic presense in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and the Pamir Corridor.

> Some Syed groups have some recent middle eastern ancestry but substantial amounts are absent from most communities. Coastal South Gujarat seems to be an exception with some Sunni Muslims farmers having substantial foreign ancestry

I think coastal Gujju Muslims had more connection with Gulf Arab communities due to trade relations (there's an Arabic TV show on Netflix about that called Mohammed Ali Road).

For farming groups that had substantial foreign ancestry, was it more Iranic in style. If so, that wouldn't be surprising. A lot of nomadic groups in the badlands of Sistan, Balochistan, and Saraikistan would immigrate between the Indo-Iranian heartlands and the badlands. Jats and Jadejas are two examples of formerly nomadic border groups that emigrated deeper into South Asia, as did Baloch into Sindh.

>Our Islam changed quite a bit during this time due to Wahabbi/Deobandi preachers coming to Gujarat.

And yeah, not surprised by the changes in traditional Gujju Muslim practices due to reformist Sunni practices.

The big 3 indigenous movements - Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith, and Barelvi - were all a reaction to the subjugation of the Muslim elite in Awadh and Rohilkhand to British Colonial authorities in 1857 (Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, and Lucknow were completely razed and depopulated for example).

The same thing happened in Punjab with the Akali (reaction to the British subjugation of the Sikh Empire and Christian conversions), Arya Samaj (popular in Punjab+Kashmir in reaction to British subjugation of the Sikh Empire and Christian conversions), and the Ahmadhiya Movement (Punjabi Muslim reaction to the collapse of the Sikh Empire and Christian conversions).

Basically, all these reform movements argued that adopting and modernizing Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism would be the only solution to push back against the British and prevent conversions to Christianity.

And yea, I'll get book recs for ya shortly!

[afwf1]

> For farming groups that had substantial foreign ancestry, was it more Iranic in style. If so, that wouldn't be surprising. A lot of nomadic groups in the badlands of Sistan, Balochistan, and Saraikistan would immigrate between the Indo-Iranian heartlands and the badlands. Jats and Jadejas are two examples of formerly nomadic border groups that emigrated deeper into South Asia, as did Baloch into Sindh.

Our foreign ancestry is more Northern Middle Eastern but is probably not East Iranian due to the elevated Levant, and relative lack of J1/E Y-haplogroups compared to J2. The history books claimed we were "unquestionably of Hindu descent" based on our social practices, but the genetics disagreed. It was a shocking surprise.

If you're interested in our (coastal Sunni Vohra) ancestry, I'm pretty sure I solved it, check out these posts on Anthrogenica: https://anthrogenica.com/showthread.php?27145-Created-Harapp... https://anthrogenica.com/showthread.php?15471-South-Asian-Ha... https://anthrogenica.com/showthread.php?20965-(GUJARAT)-sout...

[alephnerd]

Ah you're Bohra/Vohra. That makes sense! I think a significant subset of the community traces their origin to Arab communities in Oman and Hadhramaut. Also I do think a fair amount of Arabs Muslims did end up settling in Sindh and Gujarat during the expansion of Islam in the 700-1100 time period. Like I said, due to my cultural biases, I sadly don't have much experience with Arab or Gujarati Muslim communities.

A good introductory book might be "Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries" by Andre Wink. He has a strong reputation in the Indologist world, so that might be a good starting position. That said, ethnographic research in most South Asian communities is kind of weak due to lack of funding and the disjointed mess of the social sciences academic world between South Asia and the US+Western Europe. That said, I'm sure there are some solid PhD theses or research papers published by academics at JNU or Jamia Millia - those two are the ones of the handful institutions in India I'd trust for anything social sciences related.

>The history books claimed we were "unquestionably of Hindu descent" based on our social practices, but the genetics disagreed. It was a shocking surprise

Oof yea I'm not surprised by that. That wording sounds like something sourced from early-to-mid 20th century British Academica. While a plurality of Muslims in South Asia are of indigenous descent, I wouldn't interpret that as being "Hindu" persay (also begets the larger question of who is a "Hindu" or indigenous - eg. should Pakhtun Hindus from Tirah be treated the same as Hindus from Bhojpur? And what even defines "Hinduism". Are indigenous pagan beliefs like Devta worship in Himachal and Chitral "Hindu" in the modern terminology or an indigenous belief system). Like I said above, Anthropological and Ethnic research within South Asian ethnic groups is severely lacking - let alone for those from regions that saw significant cross-cultural relations with Western and Central Asia. On a separate note, generally most South Asian ethnographic research has been devoted to those in Central India due to the larger British academic/political needs to understand communities there in the aftermath of the 1857 rebellion.