[jpatt]

Not sure where you are based, but in the US I know a lot of schools shoot for the ABET accrediting guidelines[0]. They directly call out the areas you're asking about:

  Exposure to computer architecture and organization, information management, networking and communication, operating systems, and parallel and distributed computing.

But they only require "exposure" to these concepts whereas algorithms, theory, programming languages, etc are required to be "substantial." Which matches with your perceptions:

  It seems most are exposed to them partially through project work but without the base knowledge.

[0] https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/cr...