[hayst4ck]

CTF's are a security focused version of that: https://ctftime.org/

They are more jeapordy style than a linear competition.

I vaguely remember a company putting on an infrastructure style one, maybe it was StripeCTF.

There was also an infrastructure focused leetcode style project that made it to hacker news, but I can't remember the name.

The ACM programming contest sounds like the most directly applicable thing I can think of, but IIRC teams normally distribute problems to their members rather than it being graduated unlocking.

A few companies have also put these style competitions on for students, but those are private and done by very motivated employees of those companies.