[fallingknife]

I see foreign competition as an inevitability, but I don't think number of engineers is a decisive factor. China and India have enough engineers already, and have for a while, but other than Tiktok, no real competition yet. Whereas Sweden, home of Spotify as you pointed out, has very few.

Even if number of engineers is decisive, we will never stop it by immigration. China + India have more than 8x the population of the US. We would never be able to deprive them of enough engineers via immigration.