[deliciousturkey]

m5 instances use the Nitro system. In addition, m5.24xlarge is a quite quirky instance type: It uses 2 CPU's with 24 cores each in a NUMA configuration. Half of the RAM is attached to each CPU, and access from the other CPU is much slower. In addition, the CPU cores use a microarchitecture from 8 years ago, meaning the cores are quite slow in practice.

All of this means that a lot can go wrong when running code on those instances, resulting in lower performance. It is either advised to run separate processes on each NUMA domain, or use NUMA aware code (which Java almost never is). In addition, the code (or the system) should be highly scalable to multiple CPU cores.

In addition, the cores are old enough to suffer from Spectre/Meltdown related patches/workarounds, decreasing especially syscall performance.

[notyourwork]

In our case the instance type is about the only workhorse for the given job. High TPS (scales well to the core count) and needs a large on-disk configuration for low latency key value retrieval of data deployed on disk.

I did slightly misspeak on the instance move having seen your reply. We moved from m5.24xlarge to m6i.16xlarge. Sorry for the confusion.

That said, you shared some interesting information. I'd love to read up more on this, any specific place I can dig in a bit deeper regarding the finer specifics of these instance types and architecture?

[deliciousturkey]

Just to note: m6i instances are Intel-based.

As for getting information on AWS instances, the best way in my opinion is just to spin up the instance and look up which exact CPU model it uses. Then you can go for example to WikiChip (https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/WikiChip) to see more information about the CPU. Other good sources include Anandtech (for example https://www.anandtech.com/show/15578/cloud-clash-amazon-grav...) and Chips and Cheese (for example https://chipsandcheese.com/2022/05/29/graviton-3-first-impre...).

Things like NUMA configuration can be inspected with tools like numactl.

[notyourwork]

Yes, I'm aware. The service in question wasn't easily able to be moved so we moved to m6i which isn't ARM based but does leverage nitro. We saw substantial improvements in that configuration too. Not sure what is different because you said m5 use nitro as well but my assumption was m6i with reduced hypervisor overhead from nitro was why we saw improvement.

[deliciousturkey]

m6i is a much newer CPU architecture, based on Intel Ice Lake rather than Skylake. It is quite significantly faster just from that alone. In addition, the CPU has about 10% higher clock speed.

The 16xlarge version is also a 32 core single socket CPU, meaning there should be no issues with NUMA. I would expect it to be much better than m5.24xlarge in most applications when taking the much faster single-threaded performance into account. Of course, nothing beats benchmarking and measuring yourself though.

I have personally seen issues with NUMA systems and code that theoretically parallelizes very well. Any synchronized mutable state becomes an issue with these kinds of systems. For example, I have had an issue where third party code would use the C "rand" function for randomness. Even though this was not used in a hot code path, on m5.24xlarge >90% of the execution time would be spent on just on the lock guarding the internal random state. On a "normal" system with fewer cores this never showed up while profiling.