[jtc331]

Given virtually all interventions have no control how do you know they’re successful?

Now it may well be that many interventions are successful. But your assumption of your conclusion is actually the bias the article describes.

[littlestymaar]

> Given virtually all interventions have no control how do you know they’re successful?

Nobody ever ran a controlled trial on parachutes, how can we do know that they work?

Controlled trial aren't the alpha and omega of knowledge. They are powerful tools, but they also have a fairly narrow scope of applicability (and they are also a quite recent addition to the collection of scientific tools).