[tuatoru]

Utilities don't yet have a million EV batteries laying around, but they (or specialist EoL battery companies) will soon.

From the abstract:-

> Participation rates fall below 10% if half of EV batteries at end-of-vehicle-life are used as stationary storage.

Half seems conservative to me. There are already lots of startups wanting your end-of-life EV battery.

[aurelwu]

end-of-life Battery usage will compete with recycling them and especially as material needed per kWh is going to keep going down it might be more economical to recycle them into a new battery - it also depends on costs of raw materials. I'd expect the share to be neither 0:100 nor 100:0 and to fluctuate quite a bit

[Dylan16807]

It makes sense to move a lot of load to older stationary batteries as those become more plentiful.

But more capacity is better, and getting things online sooner is better. And in 2030 almost all the capacity is going to be in non-retired packs in their original cars.