[dragonwriter]

> Aside from a few particular oil-rich nations (and some very poor ones), where are these fuel subsidies I keep hearing about?

Flowing from the US to oil-rich nations in form of security assistance to buy policy, or in the form of US military going to enforce policy preferences, as well as:

> A gallon of gasoline largely costs the same in the US as it does in Europe, if you strip away the taxes.

Accepting negative externalities without internalizing them (whether through direct liability for externalized harms or pigovian taxes) is a forced subsidy to the activity creating those externalities by the rest of society.