[makeitdouble]

> If I don’t like what Apple does with photos, I can move to Google Photos

I can’t. I don’t use Apple Photos, and I can’t set Google Photos as the default photo handler, nor default source or destination, nor tell any iOS device to never save photos in Apple’s silo.

> If I don’t like what Apple does with iCloud, I can move to Dropbox.

I can’t either. I wanted to backup my phone elsewhere and there is no option outside of iCloud.

How have you hacked your system and how long will you be able to?

[snowwrestler]

To use Google Photos on iPhone: install the Google Photos app and grant it access to your phone's photos. Then you can go into the Google Photos app to see and manage all your photos.

To keep Apple from saving your photos: turn off iCloud Photos, or log out of iCloud.

To back up your iPhone without iCloud: make a local backup on your Mac or PC. You can even encrypt the backup with a password you choose. You can sync these backup files in any way you would like, including via Dropbox.

You can also sell your iPhone and get a different phone if you don't want anything to do with Apple.

[makeitdouble]

You're skirting around the issues, as Apple just won't allow you to get out of their system in the key parts. Any of the alternative you describe are just clunky workarounds with utterly broken parts (local backups through a Mac have severe issues compared to cloud backups)

> You can also sell your iPhone and get a different phone if you don't want anything to do with Apple.

If you come to that conclusion, it's basically the answer to your "How am I handcuffed to Apple?" question. If you need to give up the system to properly manage your backups, it's pretty much a situation where you're handcuffed or not, with no clear negotiable middle ground option.