[gauddasa]

"Implies" is the closest approximation to cause and effect in logic and statistics: https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Implies.html

Now, cause and effect relationship is directed and may have something to do with the arrow of time: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

So if we capture breaking of class with high speed camera, the laws of physics continue to remain consistent when the video is played in reverse, but we know the arrow of time is one-way and it is impossible practically for shattered pieces to combine backwards. In most of the statistical studies, only the observations are captured but the flow of information through the entire system that resulted in those observations is never tracked. That flow is directly connected to arrow of time and can give us idea about cause and effect which observations alone are insufficient to provide.

So I wonder why the author of the article did not mention entropy and arrow of time while discussing causal and causality all the time (no pun intended).