| I'm not smarter by any means, but I do know a little bit about this. As a response to the pandemic, the US Treasury spent ~$6T more than it collected in taxes: ~$3.2T during the Trump administration and ~$2.8T during the Biden administration,[a] and the US Federal Reserve reduced short-term rates and purchased $5T of treasury and agency bonds, flooding the market with liquidity and lowering long-term interest rates to their lowest level since WWII.[b] As always and as ever, investors flooded with treasury checks and ultra-cheap money engaged in an orgy of speculation that would make even the most shameless drunken sailor blush. Crypto is perhaps the most prominent example of it. Trading in meme stonks would be another example. Pokemon Pikachu cards trading for $5M may be the silliest example. Or maybe the silliest example was all those smart people who came up with clever narratives to justify stock market valuations that otherwise look... unjustifiable.[c] As the speculators threw money around while we all muddled through the pandemic, the world's supply chain system was hit with two massive shocks: (1) the pandemic, which is still limiting the availability of many items (e.g., iPhones made in China), and (2) Russia's war in Ukraine, which triggered a global food and energy crisis (e.g., there isn't enough grain being exported to feed the entire planet). Both shocks are fueling inflation, prompting the US Treasury to cut spending and the Fed to increase rates and withdraw liquidity from financial markets. Increasing rates and withdrawing liquidity are very painful methods for reducing inflation, but they are the only methods that have been shown to work. As money started becoming less cheap to borrow and less easy to find, businesses and consumers started spending less -- first gradually, then "suddenly." -- [a] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=WdPZ [b] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=WdQ3 [c] https://www.multpl.com/shiller-pe |