[pturing]

You might try the keyword "expressiveness" and see how well that maps to what you are talking about.

Definitely see Paul Graham's essay "Beating the Averages" http://www.paulgraham.com/avg.html

People have tried to define and measure this and related ideas in different ways, and I'm not sold on any of them in particular. I can however suggest some languages that stand out in some of these explorations that you might consider.

+ Lisp dialects. In particular, take a look at Clojure, Shen, and Racket.

+ Smalltalk. Try Pharo. Check out some YouTube videos with Alan Kay.

This is also worth a read https://medium.com/smalltalk-talk/lisp-smalltalk-and-the-pow...

If you're interested in math and data science stuff, also check out Julia.