Yeah for example I can’t think of a better way to teach yourself to understand and use structured concurrency than a language like Cilk which naturally drives you in that direction. I actually started a PhD on how language design shapes the way you think about concepts (but finished it on implementation instead.)
Well, depends what concepts are you talking about.
Computer science is huge as hell, concepts that you may learn from programming languages are just subset.
There's a lot of interesting and hard stuff that does not touch those (I'm not focusing on some domain-specific-languages that nobody know about)