[hef19898]

VW cars, sure. Because VW designed them with cheating in mind. All other European manufacturers using things like temperature windows (not cheating, but skirting the edge of the text of the regulation, VW was straight out breaking those regulations by illegally cheating. That the other manufacturers were found to be in violation of regulations due the way they interpreted temp windows very loosely is a different thing from outright cheating) don't have those problems. So, either VW included the plan of cheating in the engine design, or they were uncapable of engine design and were thus forced to cheat. Both scenarios seem to be unique to VW at the time, and other companies of VW group.

Quite impressive how VW came out of it, still the biggest car maker and really pushing EVs. It could have easily turned out differently.