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I think the spirit of the article is to put the cloud in perspective of the organization size and the workload type. There is a sweet spot where the cloud is the only option that makes sense, definitely with variable loads and capacity to basically scale on demand as big as our budget, there is no match for that. However... there are organizations with certain type of workloads that could afford to put infrastructure in place and even with the costs of staffing, energy etc they will save millions in the long run. NASA, CERN etc are some. This is not limited to HPC, the cloud at scale is not cheap either see: https://a16z.com/2021/05/27/cost-of-cloud-paradox-market-cap...