Just look under this thread, I wrote one possible solution of using .innerText from constructed DOM. (Or maybe open window in another domain). However @repiret may be right - corporate proxy is already invasive enough, that means the users are already in mercy of those.
But still, I'd go with safer practices. Even in the slightly unlikely case someone manages to hack 3rd party (Stripe) and send your users arbitrary HTML for some periods of time... :)
But still, I'd go with safer practices. Even in the slightly unlikely case someone manages to hack 3rd party (Stripe) and send your users arbitrary HTML for some periods of time... :)