[jaclaz]

There are a few hex/disk editors that support "templates" (but you need most times to create those yourself).

Here is a sort of "curated list" of related tools:

https://github.com/dloss/binary-parsing

The most complete/populated I know of is Kaitai:

http://kaitai.io/

http://formats.kaitai.io/

that you can use with Hiew with Kiewtai

https://github.com/taviso/kiewtai

If the question is slightly different, i.e. which bytes are used to identify a given file format, there is Trid:

https://mark0.net/soft-trid-e.html

Which has also a database of known headers/patterns.