[everforward]

"Literally" was probably an exaggeration, but they are in a way.

If you deposit $100 with bank A, and they give a loan for $80 to person B, you have $100 to spend and person B has $80, so $180 can float through the economy.

The $80 debt should cancel out person B's surplus, but it kind of doesn't if interest rates are low enough because they'll never actually pay it back.

That's my potentially poor understanding of it.

[karatinversion]

Where does the ECB, which doesn’t give loans to individuals, come into it?

[clownpepe]

ECB loans out money to certified banks. This loaned money is “printed” or created on their ledger so to speak