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by tromp 1406 days ago
What you describe is just one particular (although by far the most common) Proof-of-Work algorithm called HashCash. There are several others, such as Cuckoo Cycle, in which one must find a fixed length cycle in a huge random graph, an obvious mathematical (graph theory) problem [1].

[1] https://cryptorials.io/beyond-hashcash-proof-work-theres-min...