[jacquesm]

Siege towers, battering rams mostly. The most effective siege technology was probably hunger... crude but quite effective.

Oh and this is another thing they brought to bear on cities unwilling to bend to the Roman boot (or Sandal):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballista

and even more here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_and_Roman_artillery

[DonHopkins]

Not as effective as taunts and cows, perfected by the French.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ey0wvGiAH9g