[tialaramex]

And because C++ says "one past the end" pointers are a thing, both these pointers can exist.

As written p is a one-past-the-end pointer into object arr, but the address one past the end of arr may well be the address of x. If pointers are just addresses, these pointers are the same... right?

Neither C nor C++ currently actually explain how this works for their "abstract machine" in the standards documents. The reality is that your C++ compilers (and any non-toy C compilers) have pointer provenance because it's a nightmare to optimise C programs without, but since it isn't documented anywhere (my understanding is that C23 might fix this for C by taking a TS and an equivalent fix via P2318 could land in C++ 26) it's difficult to say if you ever find bugs in their behaviour.

[josephcsible]

> And because C++ says "one past the end" pointers are a thing, both these pointers can exist.

While one-past-the-end pointers are allowed to exist, they are not allowed to be dereferenced.

> these pointers are the same... right

The entire point of provenance is that even though their numerical values are the same, they are not the same.

> Neither C nor C++ currently actually explain how this works for their "abstract machine" in the standards documents.

While it isn't mentioned explicitly, it can be inferred from other things that the standard does say. The compiler authors didn't just make it up.

[tialaramex]

> it can be inferred from other things that the standard does say. The compiler authors didn't just make it up.

They didn't "just make it up" but well, here's (a draft of) TS 6010 explaining where it comes from, alas it's not "inferred from other things that the standard does say" but rather riffing on a phrase from a discussion about a defect report...

""In a committee discussion from 2004 concerning DR260, WG14 confirmed the concept of provenance of pointers, introduced as means to track and distinguish pointer values that represent storage instances with same address but non-overlapping lifetimes. Implementations started to use that concept, in optimisations relying on provenance-based alias analysis, without it ever being clearly or formally defined, and without it being integrated consistently with the rest of the C standard.""

TS 6010 will, some day, actually define how this works. Well, it will define how it should work, and assuming compiler vendors can be bothered to implement TS 6010 then it becomes how it actually works.

In TS 6010 (which again, is not how your C or C++ compiler works today, and in the best case won't be how your C++ compiler is required to work until at least 2027 or so) the rules go roughly like this:

* If you've got an actual pointer to a living object via some legitimate means, e.g. you used the & operator in C, that works

* If you try to make pointers from somewhere else, e.g. doing arithmetic on pointers that point to a different object, this only works if you've previously done some operation which might cause non-pointer stuff to be aware of this pointer, e.g. you cast a pointer to an integral type or you type-punned a pointer and then looked at the bytes

* However, the compiler is obliged to give you the benefit of the doubt about pointer types, if it's possible you knew how to make a Doodad* with this address in it, then the fact that you also knew how to make a Foo* with the same address doesn't matter, your program is allowed to make a Doodad* not a Foo* if it wants

Thus, your example up thread is still Undefined Behaviour under TS 6010, because you've got no reason to believe the memory layout is the way it actually was. But if you use some type punning hack to get the address of x into that pointer instead, TS 6010 says that works and is not Undefined Behaviour.

[formerly_proven]

C/C++ language lawyering (which I did as a hobbyist a few years ago) reminds me a lot of SCOTUS and US constitution debates these days.