No, Go modules implement a global TOFU checksum database. Obviously a compromised upstream at initial pull would not be affected, but distros (other than the well-scoped commercial ones) don’t do anything close to security audits of every module they package either. Real-world untargeted SCAs come from compromised upstreams, not long-term bad faith actors. Go modules protects against that (as well as other forms of upstream incompetence that break immutable artifacts / deterministic builds).
MVS also prevents unexpected upgrades just because someone deleted a lockfile.
generally I prefer humans in the loop, someone to actually test things. This is why distros are stable compared to other distros which are more bleeding edge.
For SC security, the fewer points of attack between me and the source the better.
For other kinds of quality, I have my own tests which are much more relevant to my use cases than whatever the distro maintainers are doing.
I've been a DD and while distros do work to integrate disparate upstreams as well as possible, they rarely reject packages for being fundamentally low quality or make significant quality judgements qua their role as maintainer (only when they're a maintainer because they're also a direct user). Other distributions do even less than Debian.
Fedora currently packages 10646 crates. It's implausible that they're manually auditing each one at each upgrade for anything other than "test suites pass", let alone something like obfuscated security vulnerabilities.
In the end most distros will be saved by the fact they don't upgrade quickly. Which is also accomplished by MVS without putting another attack vector in the pipeline.
Additionally, distribution packages are tested by a significant number of users before the release.
Nothing of this sort happens around any language-specific package manager. You just get whatever happens to be around all software forges.
Unsurprisingly, there has been many serious supply chain attacks in the last 5 years. None of which affected the usual big distros.