[MicahKV]

I'm not so sure about this. The spammers goal is to build up as big a list of link spam targets as possible. If one spammer chooses to only scrape minor engines and another only major engines, the one scraping the major engines will probably come out on top despite the higher cost. Whoever is abusing OP's search engine is likely doing it to supplement the data they are already scraping from the major engines.

For OP, I think simply not returning results at all is a more practical measure because it removes the reward completely. Captchas and bot detection keep the reward in play, while taking away the results entirely makes the entire pursuit futile.

[jfim]

It might be a better idea to return low quality results than nothing at all. The idea is that it's pretty obvious when the bot is banned when it receives no results at all. Having to look at the results manually to determine whether one is banned is a much more time consuming endeavor.

[MicahKV]

Well what I'm suggesting isn't about blocking the bots, it's about removing the incentive. So in this case, I think the more obvious it is the better. I would want them to realize as soon as possible that they are 100% wasting their time.

If anything, it might be best to return a page that explicitly states "Sorry, this search engine no longer supports SEO footprint search queries."

*edit for typo & wording

[bornfreddy]

On the other hand, making content difficult to parse is easy to do and a very strong weapon. Make them waste dev time... It is much easier to make variants of HTML than it is to parse it. You can even automate it to some degree.

[go_prodev]

Deliberately feeding the spam bots into an endless loop of captchas might slowly drain their accounts if they are paying 3rd party captcha farms.

[jon_richards]

Then monetize by setting up your own captcha farm, but instead of paying for compute, send the captcha to the spam bots, who send it to another captcha farm and solve it for you.