[0daystock]

Many apps on your phone are entitled to read WiFi SSID's, mapping your location as accurately as GPS - and indoors, too! Go ahead and google "where am I" with a native Android/iOS search app with your VPN enabled, you may be surprised by the results. Not to mention accelerometers and other sensors can reliably predict your movement and location, too.

[topdancing]

They do not have such an entitlement: https://grapheneos.org/faq#hardware-identifiers (edit: and also: https://grapheneos.org/usage#wifi-privacy )

And the only app that has access to GPS on my device is: https://organicmaps.app/

And Googling "where am I" indeed shows me at my VPN exit [with my always-on and enforced VPN].

[0daystock]

Curious (since you mentioned grapheneOS) whether you have Play Services on your device? The results I expected assumed you would. Thanks.