[rramadass]

Discrete Maths (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics) is what you are looking for;

Specifically : Logic(Propositional and Predicate), Boolean Algebra, Proofs(Inductive, Deductive, Transformational), Set Theory, Relations, Functions, Lambda Calculus, Formal Systems.

They are all interrelated but some are foundational. Thus for example Set Theory and Logic are foundational while the others are built on top; Set Theory leads to Relations and Functions, Proofs are the process of applying Logic, Lambda Calculus is Function Abstraction taken to extreme and Formal Systems teach you how to build Symbolic Systems (Models) without reference to any specific Domain of Discourse.