[dkarl]

I don't think the difference between Go and more expressive languages is about whitespace. If the only way a language achieved fewer lines of code was by cramming more characters into a line, I wouldn't give it any credit for that..

> Has there been much innovation in exceptions among 21st-century languages?

Yes, there has, mostly in the ability to use exceptions less than previously. With Java (at least old-school Java, not sure where it is now) exceptions are the only type safe language-supported way for a function to terminate with multiple types. If a function has multiple possible return types that don't have an inheritance relationship, you can choose between 1) returning Object and dynamically checking for the specific types, 2) defining a return class with a field for each possibility, or 3) picking one type to be the "expected" outcome and defining all other outcomes as exceptional. With 1) you lose many of the benefits of static type-checking; with 2) you get code bloat; with 3) you get the hazards of using a nonlocal control mechanism when you don't want that power.

If your language has sum types, you have a better option for those situations.