[aurizon]

Yes, the severest shortages will hit first if all pipes are closed down, it will be a long uphill slog on the fronts you mention - or you can let Russia own you as you pay the bills!! Every increase in heating efficiency is cumulative as well as permanent. Same with Solar/wind/tidal/geo - in effect they are being forced on all fronts. A huge increase in employment will ensue, as workers are needed on all fronts. Feedstocks can be thermally cracked from plastic waste - costs are similar to petroleum and need automated sorting, but once in the fluid state steel or char can be filtered out. It may not be as good as virgin feed due to color etc, but it will serve many applications. There will also be economic limits on what you do with virgin feed = less for fuel, less for plastic bags(which are 90% waste). More uses of plant based sources, hemp for bags, hemp for paper etc. For decades hemp was associated with marijuana - this is fading. A woody mass of hemp/bamboo grows 10-20 times as fast as tree wood. The tree wood industry lobbied against Hemp (waving marihuana flags) for almost the past 100 years. An amazing number of things we used to make from wood can readily be made from bamboo/hemp just using the basic waste lignin from all woods as lamination glue. Paper from hemp/bamboo yields and lot of lignin as a byproduct and it is a good feed for lamination glue making. Sure bamboo/hemp paper is not pure white, but I can tolerate off white paper, and if I want white, just add a little chalk to the process - as is done with many office papers now, both flat as well as glossy.