[ellis-bell]

mesons are composed of two quarks and can have neutral or non-neutral charge. baryons are composed of three quarks and can have neutral or non-neutral charge. both mesons and baryons are classified as hadrons

charge, baryon number, isospin and strangeness are all related by the Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula[1].

the overarching principle underlying this is that in quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong interaction, quarks are representations of an underlying SU(3) gauge group containing color charge (a quantum number) and electric charge quantized as -1/3e and +2/3e. QCD is a gauge theory (like all other theories of nature) and the gauge boson, the gluon, also pops out of demanding the theory be invariant under local SU(3) gauge transformations.

that said, no one has any clue why all of our physical theories are gauge theories :-)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gell-Mann%E2%80%93Nishijima_fo...

[hnuser123456]

Would a theory of the history of the universe be a non-gauge theory since there was fast initial inflation, a relative slowdown, and now accelerating expansion again? Nothing seems conserved here. It seems symmetries were broken as the forces split apart, anti-particles were annihilated, etc

[cupofpython]

very interesting! I am rather unfamiliar with quantum chromodynamics but I am going to enjoy the gauge theory rabbit hole