Contrarians and lone wolves can sometimes get promoted if they're truly brilliant, but otherwise will get passed over in favor of people who are more "engaged". If you're contrarian enough, leave the company and start your own, or find a company that fits your way of thinking. No sense in pushing rocks uphill.
I'm not sure it's possible to not be in anyone's tribe. People are automatically in the same tribe as others in terms of age, income, social class, gender, race, nationality, education, religious and political affiliations, and not all of these can be hidden.
In my model, "tribal membership" is associated to a subconscious response we have to others when we recognize "sameness" at some level, and we subconsciously lower our social transaction cost expectations with respect to them. This is very closely related to "trust", which is largely a belief, towards a person, that we can predict their behaviour in a variety of risk situations, and it will be aligned to our own interests.
It covers a lot that other commenters have mentioned.
So with respect to the properties you've listed, it is rare for me to find someone where there's a mutual recognition of "sameness".
I would argue that it would cover most of those, but even possibly (in a bygone era) going to the same church as your boss, being part of the same country club, golfing with the right people on the weekends, etc.
I understood it to mean any divisive issue where people behaved tribally. So any of the examples you gave might be fall into that category for a given employer. Another important one is company politics.