[spyder]

What's the relation between L1 sharding and L2 off-chain solutions? If sharding will be implemented will the L2 solutions still be necessary? Is L2 just something to help in the meantime until the harder to implement sharding is working or both will be used on top of eachother to help scalabilty?

[Tenoke]

No, sharding will increase the throughput but not enough. Ethereum are all-in on L2s long-term for scaling.