[nickjj]

> Each environment should have its own keys for the services it is talking to so ideally this would restrict the scope of damage.

If a developer changes the CI pipeline file to make their PR's code run in `deployment: "production"` instead of `deployment: "test"` doesn't that bypass this?

Edit:

I'll leave my original question here because I think it's an important one but I answered this myself. It depends on which CI provider you're using but some of them do let you restrict specific deployments from being run only on specific branches or by specific folks (such as repo admins).

In the above case if the production deployment was only allowed to run on the main branch and the only way code makes its way into the main branch is after at least 1 person reviewed + merged it (or whatever policy your company wants) then a rogue developer can't edit the pipeline in an unreviewed PR to make something run in production.

Also with deployment specific environment variables then a rogue developer is also not able to edit a pipeline file to try and run commands that may affect production such as doing a `terraform apply` or pushing an unreviewed Docker image to your production registry.

[acdha]

> If a developer changes the CI pipeline file to make their PR's code run in `deployment: "production"` instead of `deployment: "test"` doesn't that bypass this?

As a concrete example, GitLab has the concept of protected branches and code owners, both of which allow you to restrict access to the corresponding environments’ credentials to a smaller group of people who have permission to touch the sensitive branches. That allows you to say things like “anyone can run in development but only our release engineers can merge to staging/production” or “changes to the CI configuration must be approved by the DevOps team”, respectively.

That does, of course, not prevent someone from running a Bitcoin miner in whatever environment you use to run untrusted merge requests but that’s better than access to your production data.

[Nextgrid]

CI should only have environment variables needed for testing. For building/deploying to production, it just has to push the code/package/container image, not run it, meaning it has no need for production-level credentials.

CI should never ever have access to anything related to production; not just for security but also to prevent potentially bad code being run in tests from trashing production data.