[ghaff]

Money is fungible so it doesn't really make sense to ask where your specific dollars went. But in most if not all places in the US you can see the city or town budget and see where money came from and went in general. (It's mostly to schools in the majority of places with the per student expenditure actually often higher in more urban populations.)

[nine_k]

While you cannot trace the money all the way through the economy, you can definitely trace the funds allocation by the articles of the budget, and pro-rate the amounts to the sum of the taxes paid by a person.

It's similar to the way you see amounts that went to taxes, insurance, etc on your payroll.

[pharke]

Technically, there are methods that would allow you to trace money all the way through the economy.