[jcrawfordor]

The two GOES satellites use the ABI (advanced baseline imager) to image a large portion of the total planet at a spatial resolution of around 1km. The GOES ABI design is influential on the broader world of weather satellites and many weather satellites operated by other countries (e.g. Japan's Himawari) use derived or similar imagers. GOES and Himawari are the premier weather imaging satellites of the US-allied world, collectively the two systems image a very large percentage of the total planet surface except extreme latitudes. Data from GOES and Himawari are fused to produce the global satellite images provided by e.g. NWS.

The US Stormwatch image does seem to be cropped from Himawari. The size here may be deceptive, the spatial resolution is not as high as it looks because this cloud is so large.

Although the GOES ABI (and related Himawari AHI) are static designs that image the full planet from a fixed position (i.e. there is no aiming or steering as is sometimes the case in other remote sensing satellites), they do deal with practical limitations related to readout and downlink capacity. As a result they typically produce a full-disk image every 5 minutes but both are capable of producing more frequent images of selected regions (areas of interest) on command. This capability is mostly used for maintenance purposes (e.g. registration calibration) rather than for weather observations.

Incidentally NOAA is preparing to launch a new GOES satellite, GOES-T which will become GOES-18, in somewhat over a month. It is the same basic generation as GOES-16 and GOES-17 currently in primary use, including the same basic ABI, but has a minor "bugfix" to the ABI design that will avoid a problem GOES-16 and GOES-17 have that requires them to go into a reduced readout rate mode some of the time for thermal management reasons.

My basic meteorology knowledge is somewhat limited but I believe what appear to be waves are cirrus clouds. This is somewhat confirmed by their significantly increased prominence along the shockwave front, as large shockwaves in the atmosphere cause some additional formation of condensation clouds due to the increased pressure, and these tend to be cirrus up at high altitude (the condensation immediately freezes into small crystals).