Consider a Monte Carlo algorithm on a 2 GHz processor, with a 50 instruction cycle inner loop, using a 64 bit random value per loop: it needs 2.5 Gb/sec of random bits.
There's no need for the bits to be truly random. In fact, if you ever want anyone to replicate your simulation, you'll need to provide them with the prng algorithm and seed used.
True. Although the new Intel system is not cryptographically secure.
Gigabit true random numbers could be used to modulate a jam-resistant radar signal. That makes it difficult for an opponent to use active electronics to cloak their target, even in principle. However actual systems would use dedicated hardware, not an Intel chip.
The profoundly paranoid could interleave true random bits with their data bits before encrypting (discard them on receipt). Pattern analysis would become much more difficult.