[otabdeveloper4]

> before the late-19th century, seeing a doctor was more likely to shorten your lifespan than lengthen it

Medical malpractice is the third-leading cause of death. (After cancers and cardiovascular problems, aka "old age".)

This is inevitable as we can't really experiment on people and do real science.

[ncmncm]

An unknown, but large fraction of all three trace, lately, to sugar, among British subjects and its former colonies. It is probable that declining US life expectancy traces to sugar exposure.