Just learned that there are two different things, stenotype, which uses a special keyboard (mostly in the US?), and stenography, a form of hand writing, which some of the comments refer to. Interesting.
Obviously, stenotype is a relatively recent device, which has appeared later than standard typewriters, while various forms of stenographic hand writing have existed for more than 2 millennia, see e.g.:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tironian_notes