[thereddaikon]

Definitely not true. The Soviet electronics industry was always a generation behind the US in particular and the west in general.

When Victor Belenko defected with his MiG-25 in 1976 the CIA found that it was still using vacuum tubes when the US hard introduced the F-14 two years earlier which had the world's first microprocessor. Although the existence of it was classified for decades and until recently it was thought the Intel 4004 was the first.

Why they were behind, I'm not sure. They were definitely ahead in some other places but the technological gap continued to increase the later you got into the cold war.

[arethuza]

Using vacuum tubes did have some advantages - notably being more EMP resistant than normal electronics. Given one of the MiG-25's roles was to intercept incoming nuclear bombers this was presumably an important requirement.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-25#Wester...

[yetihehe]

Not using vacuum tubes here would be kind of motivating, in a "intercept that bomber or fall off the sky" way.

[culebron21]

The reasons were rather simple: lack of motivation which is beyond the innovation in capitalism. The enterprises were part of ministries, and their directors were just managers working for salary. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministries_of_the_Sovi...)

You can imagine state economy composed of 30-40 large corporations, like Walmart or LIDL running every grocery store, or Microsoft being the only software manufacturer. Remember stories of turf wars in Microsoft, between old and new technologies? Same thing was in the entire USSR.

Soviet government distributed investments, so you had to convince them. This was possible if you had a lot of political weight.

If you managed to get investment funds, your enterprise could not gain extra profit, because prices were regulated, and even if you were more efficient in production and over-produced for high demand, you did not own the extra money.

So, the prize for introducing a new product would be just a bonus and probably a state decoration. And it was often not worth the trouble fighting with the higher ranks in the ministry.

Another issue was central planning ahead of time. For instance, my father in his research institute would make demand plans for microchips and other electronic parts 2 years ahead (so that if there's more demand, the manufacturers have time to plan and budget for that).

This meant, it was really hard to introduce new hardware, and little incentive to try manufacturing new chips.

It was much easier to run the enterprise and do the plans as usually.