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I found that for me, the best way to learn anything is to write very extensive notes as if I was teaching the topic, i.e. the Feynman Technique. As I go through the process, I compose a collection of Questions/Exercises to solve and have frequent revisions, in which I draw random exercises and solve them.

By the time of the examination, I have an extensive set of notes that I can search through, and have transitioned to solving the exercises for speed over precision since precision has already been attained. I also transition from solving on paper to solving in my head.

By solving for speed, I mean that after many repetitions the answer that I provide is coarser and distilled because I have good understanding of the finer details, and the finer details can only be attained by writing extensive notes and solving for precision.

In the end of the day though, time is needed to fully absorb the content. The reason is that making structural changes in the brain is very expensive, but spaced repetition and usage of certain pathways make them much more efficient.

In essence, the Feynman Technique is, inho, the best way for a scientist to self-study a topic, and flashcards in various forms along with spaced repetition help achieve that task.