[dataflow]

...nothing? Why makes you think they should be able to say anything?

I'm so perplexed by your question... you seem already quite familiar with ordinary differential equations and state-space models... which are concerned with the observability of continuous-time models, right? And yet you pose a counterexample using a cryptographic hash function, which is a (very!) discrete function, and one that is specifically designed to be unobservable? Isn't that even more jarring than asking physicists to predict human life expectancy from the Standard Model? What makes you think the answer might be anything other than "no prediction"...?

[spenczar5]

Sometimes someone asks a question in earnest. They really don’t know, and want to know more. They aren’t trying to score points or win a debate or strike a rhetorical victory.

I had just the same question as the commenter. I just don’t know much about this topic, and think that this question and its answers really helped my understanding.

[choeger]

I did not expect a positive answer here. I wanted to know what the implicit constraints are so I chose an example that was obviously impossible.

I worked across domains for a while (CS, simulation, mathematics) and one thing that was really problematic was that people from one domain used a lot of implicit constraints that the other partners weren't aware of. This then led to incorrect software and weird simulation results.