[Tade0]

> Most of the carbon embodied in a car comes from the energy it takes to mine raw materials and process them into useful metals.

Yes, and that is included in this estimate.

Producing a tonne of steel emits 1.85t of CO2. The estimate for mining and processing is "just" 270kg/t:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324486263_Analysis_...

This pales in comparison to the 20 tonnes of fuel a typical car is going to work itself through throughout its lifetime. And all this fuel has to be first extracted and refined.